產(chǎn)品詳情
可見,隨著角θ的變化,每個(gè)柱塞產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)矩是變化的,液壓馬達(dá)對(duì)外輸出的總的轉(zhuǎn)矩也是脈動(dòng)的。
從工作原理上講,相同形式的液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)是可以相互代換的。但是,一般情況下未經(jīng)改進(jìn)的液壓泵不宜用作液壓馬達(dá)。這是因?yàn)榭紤]到壓力平衡、間隙密封的自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償?shù)纫蛩?,液壓泵吸、排油腔的結(jié)構(gòu)多是不對(duì)稱的,只能單方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。但作為液壓馬達(dá),通常要求正、反向旋轉(zhuǎn),要求結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱。
液壓馬達(dá)的工作原理
1.葉片式液壓馬達(dá) 由于壓力油作用,受力不平衡使轉(zhuǎn)子產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)矩。葉片式液壓馬達(dá)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩與液壓馬達(dá)的排量和液壓馬達(dá)進(jìn)出油口之間的壓力差有關(guān),其轉(zhuǎn)速由輸入液壓馬達(dá)的流量大小來決定。由于液壓馬達(dá)一般都要求能正反轉(zhuǎn),所以葉片式液壓馬達(dá)的葉片要徑向放置。為了使葉片根部始終通有壓力油,在回、壓油腔通人葉片根部的通路上應(yīng)設(shè)置單向閥,為了確保葉片式液壓馬達(dá)在壓力油通人后能正常啟動(dòng),必須使葉片頂部和定子內(nèi)表面緊密接觸,以保證良好的密封,因此在葉片根部應(yīng)設(shè)置預(yù)緊彈簧。 葉片式液壓馬達(dá)體積小,轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量小,動(dòng)作靈敏,可適用于換向頻率較高的場(chǎng)合,但泄漏量較大,低速工作時(shí)不穩(wěn)定。因此葉片式液壓馬達(dá)一般用于轉(zhuǎn)速高、轉(zhuǎn)矩小和動(dòng)作要求靈敏的場(chǎng)合。
2.徑向柱塞式液壓馬達(dá) 徑向柱塞式液壓馬達(dá)工作原理,當(dāng)壓力油經(jīng)固定的配油軸4的窗口進(jìn)入缸體內(nèi)柱塞的底部時(shí),柱塞向外伸出,緊緊頂住定子的內(nèi)壁,由于定子與缸體存在一偏心距。在柱塞與定子接觸處,定子對(duì)柱塞的反作用力為 。力可分解為 和 兩個(gè)分力。當(dāng)作用在柱塞底部的油液壓力為p,柱塞直徑為d,力和之間的夾角為 X時(shí),力對(duì)缸體產(chǎn)生一轉(zhuǎn)矩,使缸體旋轉(zhuǎn)。缸體再通過端面連接的傳動(dòng)軸向外輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速。 以上分析的一個(gè)柱塞產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)矩的情況,由于在壓油區(qū)作用有好幾個(gè)柱塞,在這些柱塞上所產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)矩都使缸體旋轉(zhuǎn),并輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩。徑向柱塞液壓馬達(dá)多用于低速大轉(zhuǎn)矩的情況下。
3.軸向柱塞馬達(dá) 軸向柱塞泵除閥式配流外,其它形式原則上都可以作為液壓馬達(dá)用,即軸向柱塞泵和軸向柱塞馬達(dá)是可逆的。軸向柱塞馬達(dá)的工作原理為,配油盤和斜盤固定不動(dòng),馬達(dá)軸與缸體相連接一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)壓力油經(jīng)配油盤的窗口進(jìn)入缸體的柱塞孔時(shí),柱塞在壓力油作用下外伸,緊貼斜盤斜盤對(duì)柱塞產(chǎn)生一個(gè)法向反力p,此力可分解為軸向分力及和垂直分力Q。Q與柱塞上液壓力相平衡,而Q則使柱塞對(duì)缸體中心產(chǎn)生一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)矩,帶動(dòng)馬達(dá)軸逆時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。軸向柱塞馬達(dá)產(chǎn)生的瞬時(shí)總轉(zhuǎn)矩是脈動(dòng)的。若改變馬達(dá)壓力油輸入方向,則馬達(dá)軸按順時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。斜盤傾角a的改變、即排量的變化,不僅影響馬達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)矩,而且影響它的轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)向。斜盤傾角越大,產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)矩越大,轉(zhuǎn)速越低。
4.齒輪液壓馬達(dá) 齒輪馬達(dá)在結(jié)構(gòu)上為了適應(yīng)正反轉(zhuǎn)要求,進(jìn)出油口相等、具有對(duì)稱性、有單獨(dú)外泄油口將軸承部分的泄漏油引出殼體外;為了減少啟動(dòng)摩擦力矩,采用滾動(dòng)軸承;為了減少轉(zhuǎn)矩脈動(dòng)齒輪液壓馬達(dá)的齒數(shù)比泵的齒數(shù)要多。 齒輪液壓馬達(dá)由干密封性差,容租效率較低,輸入油壓力不能過高,不能產(chǎn)生較大轉(zhuǎn)矩。并且瞬間轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩隨著嚙合點(diǎn)的位置變化而變化,因此齒輪液壓馬達(dá)僅適合于高速小轉(zhuǎn)矩的場(chǎng)合。一般用干工程機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械以及對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)矩均勻性要求不高的機(jī)械設(shè)備上
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